UBUHINZI BW'URWANDA MU CYEREKEZO 2050

 Ubuhinzi Bubyara Ubukire

Mu myaka 20 ishize, ubuhinzi bwagize uruhare rukomeye mu izamuka ry’ubukungu no mu igabanuka ry’ubukene. Kuba Abanyarwanda begera 70% batunzwe n’ubuhinzi nabwo bukaba bwinjiza kimwe cya gatatu cy’umusaruro mbumbe w’imbere mu Gihugu, nta gushidikanya ko buzakomeza kugira uruhare rukomeye muri urwo rwego mu myaka 30 iri imbere. Ubuhinzi bufite uruhare runini ku byerekeranye n’umutekano w’ibiribwa, imirire, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, kandi bufite isano ya bugufi n’urwego rw’inganda n’urwa za serivisi. 

Urwego rw’ubuhinzi rwagize uruhare rungana na bibiri bya gatatu mu bijyanye no kugabanya ubukene mu gihe cy’Icyerekezo cya 2020. Twerekeje mu 2050, hazabaho iterambere mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi bigizwemo uruhare n’abahnzi babigize umwuga, barimo abagabo n’abagore, bazaba bita ku buhinzi bujyanye n’uruhererekane nyongeragaciro rw’ibikorwa by’inganda n’ubucuruzi.

Ubuhinzi bugezweho bugamije isoko kandi bushobora guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe 

Kugira ngo ubukungu budakomeza gushingira ahanini ku buhinzi, ni ngombwa ko hakorwa buhoro buhoro amavugurura ku buryo ubuhinzi bukorwa muri iki gihe. Ivugurura ry’ubuhinzi mu Rwanda rizaba rigamije guhingira isoko, rifitanye isano n’izamuka ry’imijyi n’ubucuruzi, kandi umusaruro ukazkuba inshuro 15 ugereranyije n’umusaruro uboneka muri iki gihe. Umusaruro w’ubuhinzi ubarirwa ku mukozi ugomba kuzamuka ukikuba zirenze inshuro umunani mu 2035, ukongera ukikuba inshuro zrenze eshatu mu 2050 ukagera ku kigero cy’umusaruro uboneka mu bihugu byateye imbere ku isi. Abanyarwanda bari munsi ya 30% ni bo bazaba bakora akazi k’ubuhinzi. Mu 2050, ubuhinzi mu Rwanda buzaba bukorwa bugamije soko kandi bukoranwa ikoranabuhanga ryo mu rwego ruhanitse, bukorwa n’abahinzi babigize umwuga bafite imirima minini ku butaka bwuhirwa bufite ubuso bwa hegitari ibihumbi magana atandatu kandi ubwo butaka bwose uko bwakabaye bukaba bubasha kuhirwa ku kigero cya 100%. Uko u Rwanda ruzaba rugaragara mu 2050, bizaba ari ishusho nyakuri y’izo mpinduka zikomeye. Ubuso bw’imirima y’ubuhinzi buzagabanuka ariko butange umusaruro mwinshi hakoreshwa uburyo bwo guhinga bugezweho kandi butanga umusaruro nko guhinga mu bibandaholi byabugenewe (green house) n’uburyo bwo guhinga mu mijyi (urban farming). 

Kunoza imikoreshereze y’inyongeramusaruro n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho hagamijwe kongera umusaruro 

Mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi, ikigamijwe ni ukongera umusaruro no guteza imbere serivisi z’ubuhinzi bw’umwuga zifitanye isano ikomeye n’ubuhinzi bw’ibanze. Izo serivisi zizaba zirimo gukora no gukwirakwiza mu buryo busaranganyijwe inyongeramusaruro, imbuto z’indobanure, ikoranabuhanga mu bijyanye no kuhira, ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku buhinzi bifite agaciro kanini bigenewe amaguriro akomeye (supermarkets), amahoteli, n’bindi bizakenerwa mu gihugu cyangwa bikoherezwa mu karere u Rwanda ruherereyemo. Umusaruro w’ibinyampeke uzikuba inshuro enye mu 2035. Kubera iyo mpamvu rero, abahinzi b’Abanyarwanda (abagabo n’abagore) bazaba bafite imirima minni naho abahnzi bafite imirima mito bakazajya bakoreshwa hanze y’imirima yabo. 

Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi bizahuza abahinzi n’amasoko mu buryo bwihuse. Gukoresha iterambere rimaze kugerwaho mu rwego rw’ikoranabuhanga ryibanda ku tunyabuzima duto cyane (biotechnology), telefoni zigezweho, ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa na za mudasobwa mu kunoza imicungire y’ahantu bizagira uruhare mu kongera umusaruro. bicuruzwa bizahabwa amazina y’ubucuruzi abiranga (brands) kugira ngo bibashe kugera mu masoko yihariye, urugero nko ku baguzi bifuza ibicuruzwa byihariye bizwi ku izina ry’ubucuruzi runaka. Ibiteganyijwe kugerwaho mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi bizagerwaho kubera ko hazaba hari ibikorwa remezo by’amashanyarazi, amazi, uburyo bwo gutumanaho na serivisi za Leta ziboneka mu mijyi igezweho yo mu Rwanda. Hazaba hari amashanyarazi ku giciro gito akoreshwa n’ibigo by’ubucuruz binini bikora mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi bw’imboga, imbuto n’indabo, inganda zishingiye ku buhinzi, amabagiro, amakaragiro y’amata, n’ibindi. 

Kugira ngo ntego z’Icyerekezo 2050 zibashe kugerwaho, uruhare rwa Leta ruzaba urwo korohereza urwego rw’abikorera gufata iya mbere mu kongera umusaruro mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi. Uruhare rwa Leta kandi ruzaba cyane cyane kubungabunga ubutaka bugenewe ubuhinzi no gushyigikira amahuriro z’abahinzi. 

Urwego rw’abikorera ruzagira uruhare rw’ibanze muri buri cyciro cy’uruherererekane nyongeragaciro, harimo serivisi zituma ibikomoka ku buhinzi byuzuza ibipimo by’ubuziranenge, kunoza imicungire y’ibikorwa by’ubuhinz cyane cyane mu guteganyiriza no gukumira ibishobora guhungabanya umusaruro, na serivisi zinoze z’iyamamazabuhinzi zirimo guhanga ibishya, no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu mirimo yabo. Kuzamura ubushobozi bw’abatuye mu cyaro bwo kubona inguzanyo, no kunoza serivisi zijyane n’imicungire y’ubutaka n’ihererekanya ryabwo bizashyirwamo imbaraga kurushaho. Binyuze mu bufatanye hagati ya Leta n’abikorera mu bijyanye n’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa byo mu buhinzi, umusaruro w’abahinzi uzagurwa, utunganywe, kandi woherezwe mu mahanga ku masoko yo ku isi yose; hanatangwa kandi akazi n’amahugurwa yo mu rwego rwa tekinki abantu bigira ku kazi. Igishushanyo mbonera cy’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka kizagira uruhare rukomeye mu kugaragaza aho buri butaka buherereye no kubungabunga ubutaka buhingwa. 

Ubushakashatsi bugamije guhanga ibishya buzongera inyungu zikomoka ku musaruro; ibyo bikazafasha abahinzi kongera ingufu mu byo bakora no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. shyirwaho ry’amahuriro y’ubushakashatsi mu rwego mpuzamahanga no mu rwego rw’akarere bizateza imbere ibikorwa byo guhanga ibishya; ari nako ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bihambaye mu rwego rwa tekiniki nko guhinga ahatari ubutaka buhingwa (hydroponics) n’uburyo bwo kuhirira ibihingwa hifashishwa uburyo bwo gusohora imitonyi bwikoresha bitanga akazi cyane bikazana n’uburumbuke bw’ubutaka.

Kunoza uburyo bwo kubona imari ikoreshwa mu buhinzi n’uburyo bwo guhangana n’ingorane zigaragara mu buhinzi 

Abahinzi b’Abanyarwanda bazagira uburyo bubafasha kugabanya igihombo gikomoka ku mihindagurikire y’bihe binyuze (i) muri serivisi nziza z’ubwishingizi, imari n’ubundi buryo bwo kwirinda ibishobora kubateza igihombo, (ii) kongera ubwinshi bwa servisi zigenewe abahinzi kandi zikagera kurwego rw’ingo, (iii) kunoza uburyo bwo kubona amakuru ajyanye n’isoko no gushyira imbaraga mu buhinzi bukorwa hashingiwe ku masezerano hagati y’abahinzi n’abaguzi, (iv) n’ibigega by’ibinyampeke bicungwa mu buryo bwegereye abaturage hagamijwe kugabanya izamuka rikabije ry’ibiciro by’ibiribwa hirya no hino mu gihugu.

Buhoro buhoro, u Rwanda ruzagenda ruvugurura ishoramari rya Leta mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi. Mu 2035, Leta izafasha abahinzi mu buryo buziguye. Inkunga zo mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi zizibanda ku bijyanye n’uburyo bwo kubona umusaruro; abahinzi bazatozwa gukora kinyamwuga ku buryo bashobora kuzajya bahabwa ikigero cy’umusaruro bagomba kugeraho kugira ngo bemererwe kubona ingano runaka y’inkunga. Mu 2050, ibikorwa bya Leta bizibanda ku ishoramari mu bikorwa binini nko kongerera ubushobozi imishinga y’ubushakashatsi, no kuvugurura ibikorwa remezo by’ubuhinzi. Ibi byose bizarangazwa imbere n’urwego rw’abikorera. 

Ingengo y’imari ya Leta igenewe ubuhinzi izita: (i) ku buryo bushya bwo korohereza ishoramari mu buhinzi bujyanye n’ibyo abahinzi bakeneye; (ii) ku ishoramari mu bushakashatsi, serivisi zigenewe abahinzi, n’ibikorwa remezo bigamije kongerera agaciro umusaruro w’ubuhinzi. Zimwe mu mpamvu ituma hadashorwa amafaranga menshi mu buhinzi muri iki gihe ni uko amabanki n’abikorera batumva neza urwo rwego, no kuba ubuhinzi buhura n’izindi nzitizi zitungurana nk’izijyanye n’ihindagurika ry’ibihe, ndetse n’ikiguzi cya serivisi z’imari zigenerwa abahinzi kiri hejuru (transaction cost). 

Mu Cyerekezo 2050, hateganyijwe ko u Rwanda ruzashyiraho ikigega gihuriweho na Leta n’abikorera giha imari abagira uruhare bose mu ruhererekane nyongeragaciro mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi, gikorana n’amabanki y’u Rwanda, abahinzi, abakora mu ruhererekane nyongeragaciro, mu rwego rwo kugabanya impamvu zituma amabanki n’abashoramari bishisha urwego rw’ubuhinzi no kongerera abahinzi ubushobozi bwo gufata inguzanyo no kuzishyura neza. 

Kwinjiza ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gahanitse mu ruhererekane nyongeragaciro rwo ku rwego rw’isi 

Uko Abanyarwanda bazagenda barushaho kwinjiza amafaranga menshi, bazagenda barushaho gufata amafunguro ameze neza kandi anyuranye agizwe n’ibiryo byujuje ubuziranenge, byatunganyijwe kandi bipfunyitse neza, bigaragaza kwiyongera kw’amahitamo yabo mu rwego rw’imirire ajyanye n’izamuka ry’ubukungu n’iterambere ry’imijyi. Muri iki gihe bene ibyo bicuruzwa ahanini bitumizwa mu mahanga, ariko mu 2050 urwego rw’ubuhinzi bw’ibiribwa mu Rwanda ruzaba rwujuje ibyo abaturage bazaba bakeneye mu rwego rw’imirire. Ibi bivuze ko bazava ku mirire ishingiye ku bryo bisanzwe barya buri munsi muri iki gihe, bakarya imbuto nyinshi, imboga, n’ibiryo bikungahaye ku ntungamubiri zikomoka ku matungo (poroteyine). 

Mu 2050, ibicuruzwa by’agaciro ko hejuru byakorewe mu Rwanda bikenewe ku isoko bizaba biboneka mu maguriro akomeye yose yo mu Rwanda (supermarkets), amaresitora n’amahoteli. Ibiribwa bizaba bifite icyemezo kigaragaza ko byujuje ubuziranenge kandi ko bifite isuku mu buryo buhamye. Ibiyaga by’u Rwanda bizabyazwa umusaruro byororerwamo amafi n’ubundi bwoko bw’inyamaswa zororerwa mu mazi hagamijwe kongera umusaruro muri urwo rwego. 

Usibye ibinyampeke, hazakomeza guhingwa ibindi bihingwa bifite agaciro ko hejuru byoherezwa mu mahanga mu buryo bw’umwihariko. Biteganyijwe ko umusaruro ukomoka k’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi nk’inyama n’ibikomoka ku mata, indabyo, amavuta aribwa, n’umusaruro ukiri mubisi bizinjiza amafaranga asaga na miliyoni magana atanu na mirongo itanu (550) z’amadolari y’Amerika ku mwaka. Mu Muryango w’Afurika y’burasirazuba, gukomeza gushyiraho isoko rusange bizatuma isoko ry’u Rwanda ryaguka mu rwego rw’akarere ruherereyemo. Ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge byakorewe mu Rwanda bizahaza isoko ryo mu mijyi minini yo mu karere rigenda rirushaho kwaguka. Ikawa n’icyayi by’u Rwanda bizajya biboneka ku maguriro manini (super markets) muri Afurika no ku isi yose. Mu 2050, biteganyijwe ko umusaruro w’ibihingwa bisanzwe byoherezwa mu mahanga (birimo ikawa n’icyayi) uzikuba kabiri naho agaciro kawo kakikuba inshuro enye; ukinjiza amafaranga angana na miliyoni 230 z’Amadolari y’Amerika ku mwaka, kandi ubuso bihingwaho butiyongereye cyane. Indabyo zizajya zoherezwa buri gihe Amsterdam, i Burayi no ku isi hose hakoreshejwe indege. 

Source: : https://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minecofin/Publications/REPORTS/National_Development_Planning_and_Research/Vision_2050/English-Vision_2050_Abridged_version_WEB_Final.pdf